Author name: admin

Health and Lifestyle

All you need to know about Yoga, its history, benefits and risks

/

YOGA is the Union of 3 things The Sanskrit word “YUJ” is the source of the word “yoga.” The root word “Yuj” in Sanskrit means “to yoke,” “to connect,” or “to join.” Most Hindu writings mention Yoga as a method for training the senses and, ultimately, the intellect/ mind. Yoga’s fundamental goal is oneness with the Divine. Yoga promotes harmony in mind, words, and body. Yoga is a mind-body exercise. Yoga comes in various forms, each combining physical poses, breathing exercises, and relaxation or meditation. Yoga is an ancient practice that started in India. It incorporates breathing exercises, movement, and meditation to enhance physical and mental health. The main objective of Yoga History Vedas and its subdivisions One of the oldest and most revered scriptures in human history is the Rig Veda. It dates back 8000-10,000 years. The Rig Veda is a prehistoric book of Vedic Sanskrit hymns from India. Part of this Vedic literature is yoga. Yoga is under the authority of Maharishi Patanjali. The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, dating from the second century B.C., became known in the West only in the twentieth century through Swami Vivekanand. He was the first Hindu teacher to actively promote the non-asana components of yoga and bring them to a Western audience. In medieval India, yoga was practised only by the royal and educated classes. After passing a demanding examination, students were allowed to learn it in gurukuls. Through the efforts of numerous spiritual and religious leaders in India, yoga became accessible to the average citizen and every individual worldwide. Bhagwat Geeta says –  “ Yogah Karmarv Kaushalam” Meaning: Yoga is a skill in action and expression. Yoga is more than just a workout; it teaches us how to interact and behave effectively in any scenario. Here, it is more commonly referred to as mental talent. For example, if you do something out of love and joy, whether you are sitting, enjoying a sunset, working, standing, or cooking food, you are a yogi and a karma yogi. Yoga is not the same action performed without love or attention. Yogi/Yogini follows the yoga philosophy with a substantial degree of dedication. Krishna says in Bhagwat Geeta –  “Samatvam Yog Vchitte” Meaning: Equanimity in mind is a sign of Yoga. Yoga is the ability to stay focused under difficult circumstances. Exercises like yoga and meditation help keep the body in good shape. Yoga combines several facets of existence. Everyone who is engaged in something is practicing yoga. The path is more peaceful, joyful and enjoyable when you are in harmony with yourself.  Meditation: Aspects of meditation include quieting the mind, paying attention to our thoughts and feelings, and focusing on one thing. Our mind generates on average about 60000 thoughts per day. During meditation, beta and theta brain waves are generated. These calming brain waves are active just before sleep when you are lying in the sun, or immediately after a hot bath. Maharishi Patanjali elucidated eight limbs of Yoga. Yoga is now mostly thought of in terms of physical postures. While keeping a calm state of mind is the core message of Yoga. Chakras Chakra is Sanskrit for “spinning wheel.”  According to yoga, the physical body, ideas, emotions and energy are all centred in the chakras. According to the yoga gurus, their chakras influence people’s emotional reactions, desires and aversions, levels of confidence and fear, and even physical symptoms and effects. When the energy in a chakra is blocked, it leads to physical, mental or emotional imbalances that manifest in symptoms such as worry, sluggishness or poor digestion. The numerous physical postures used in hatha yoga are called asanas. Yoga practitioners use asanas to release energy and balance a chakra. Benefits of Yoga Yoga has numerous positive effects on the body and mind: If at all feasible, seek advice from a doctor before beginning a yoga practice. Risks and Side Effects of Yoga Summary Yoga is a long tradition that has evolved over the years. Postures that promote inner peace and physical vitality are the focus of today’s yoga. In the past, yoga was less about physical fitness. Instead, it was about promoting spiritual life and developing mental clarity. Yoga comes in a multitude of variations. Depending on one’s expectations and physical flexibility, one chooses a particular style. Yoga should be practiced slowly and carefully by people with certain medical problems, such as sciatica. Yoga can promote an active, balanced lifestyle.

Management, SAP MM

How to configure Enterprise Structure? – SAP S/4 HANA

/

CONFIGURATION OF ES This article will look at the enterprise structure in SAP S/4 HANA. Every organization or every company has its system; if I take the example of Tata Group, Tata Group is a group of companies. Tata’s are into Tata Consultancy Services, Tata Motors, Tata Steel, Tata Chemicals, Tata Consumer Products, etc.  Here our client is Tata; it will have different types of companies mentioned above. Every company will be represented with different company codes. Now each company may have a different location /branch. E.g., TCS = Gujarat, Pune, and Mumbai. These locations in SAP are denoted as Plant. A plant can be a manufacturing unit, Corporation head, or Office unit. These plants will have different storage locations where the material is physically stored. The material can be raw materials, finished materials, or semi-finished materials. We have one more level, which is between the Company code and Plant, known as the purchase organization, which is responsible for procuring material and negotiation.  In SAP, Company is at the highest on the hierarchy; company codes, plant, and storage locations are below.  We create enterprises, plants, and storage facilities. The client, or enterprise, is something that all modules have in common and is necessary for all modules. The FI module is used to define the Company code. The MM module describes the storage site, while the Plant is defined in MM.  At the plant level, the majority of MM transactions take place.  Let’s define these components now. We can assign links between them after the definition. Let’s define and assign each step by step: DEFINITION 1. Define Company Use T.code SPRO and then follow the following step (The SAP transaction code – T.code serves as the starting point for a screen flow that is ultimately a part of a business process.) In SPRO -> SAP Consulting Implementation Guide -> Enterprise Structure -> Definition -> Financial Accounting -> Define company. Click on define company and add new entries and fill out the company’s information as needed. Save the Data and now the company TATA is created which defines a large group of companies. 2. Define Company Code In SPRO -> SAP Consulting Implementation Guide -> Enterprise Structure -> Definition -> Financial Accounting -> Edit, Copy, Delete, Check Company Code. In the choose activity box, select the First option – Copy, delete, check company code Then click on Copy as shown below Now copy the standard company code to your new company code. Select a name for your company code that isn’t already in the system.  We copy because this is pure finance teamwork and not MM.  Click on the right tick. If you receive this box above, click on yes, and a box will appear, just add your country currency where the company is located. Then click on right click, keep clicking on green tick till you appear to the box of transport range. Click on yes below. The data will then start transferring. Wait till the whole data gets copied. After receiving this box below, click on No, and wait till the data is copied and you get a msg. Now the standard company code is been copied to your company code. You have to now select the 2nd option in the below figure – Edit Company Code Data. Click on Position, and enter your company code just created. Green tick and you will see your company code at the top but the name of the company will be shown which was in the standard company code. So you have to edit the name. Double-click on Sap India Ltd and fill out all the empty boxes. After filling out the company code details, click on the option – “address” above and fill out the data. Save the data and your company code is created 3. Define Plant In SPRO -> SAP Consulting Implementation Guide -> Enterprise Structure -> Definition -> Logistics –> General -> Define, copy, delete, check plant Click on the 2nd option – Copy, select, check plant. Copy from standard as we did in the company code creation. Click the green tick till you get the message saying, Save and your plant is created. Now go back and click on 1st option – Define Plant. Click on position, enter your plant T001, and fill out the details. The standard copy appears on top. Click on that SAP STD and edit your plant. Then as we edited the address in the company code, similarly do it for the plant as well Save the data, your plant is created. You can also individually create a plant by directly selecting the first option rather than copying from the standard. 4. Define Storage Location In SPRO -> SAP Consulting Implementation Guide -> Enterprise Structure -> Definition ->Materials Management -> Maintain Storage Location Add your plant just created. Click the green tick and you will get the screen as shown below. You will be able to see some storage lots already present as you have copied data from standard so delete all the available storage locations present in the screen and enter your new storage locations for your plant created. Save and your three storage locations are created for plant T001. 5. Define Purchasing Organisation In SPRO -> SAP Consulting Implementation Guide -> Enterprise Structure -> Definition ->Materials Management -> Maintain Purchasing Organisation Save data and your purchase organisation is created. ASSIGNMENT 1. Assign Company Code to Company In SPRO -> SAP Customising Implementation Guide -> Enterprise Structure -> Assignment -> Financial Accounting -> Assign company code to company Click on position and enter your created company code and tick green. You can see your company code at the top of the table, now fill out your company name. Save the data. Your Company code T000 is assigned to the company TATA Motors. 2. Assign Plant to Company Code In SPRO -> SAP Customising Implementation Guide -> Enterprise Structure -> Assignment -> Logistics –> General -> Assign Plant to Company Code Click on assign Plant

Management, SAP MM

All you need to know about the terms in Enterprise Structure – SAP S/4 HANA

/

Important terms of Enterprise Structure in SAP S/4 HANA MM Module This article will help you with understanding some important technical terms used in enterprise structure in SAP S/4 HANA – SAP MM module. Please go through the entire article to get a clear view of the same. SAP MM SAP MM functions include materials management, procurement process management, master data management (material and vendor master), inventory management, planning for material requirements, and invoice verification. There are functions in each of these MM submodules that carry out certain business operations for that modules. What is ERP? Enterprise resource planning uses an integrated computer system to manage all the information and resources involved in a company’s operations.  What is SAP?  SAP stands for Systems Applications and Products and is an enterprise resource planning software. The most comprehensive ERP system in the world, SAP has hundreds of wholly integrated modules that address almost every facet of corporate management and process.  What is a Client in SAP? In SAP, it is an organizational level or unit that is independent in terms of law, organizational structure, master data, and transactional data. From a business perspective, a client represents a corporate organization. What does Company Code mean?  According to commercial law requirements in a particular country, a company is an organizational unit used in accounting to represent a corporate entity. Technical and accounting-based functions are found in the SAP system. Depending on the product’s manufacturing and business needs, a company may have one or multiple company codes. It is an organizational unit where a separate set of accounting is carried out. It has its profit and loss, account, and balancing statement. Path: SPRO -> IMG -> Enterprise structure -> Definition -> Financial accounting -> Edit, Copy & Delete -> Copy org. Obj. T.code: OX15 What does Plant Code mean?  A company’s “Plant” could be one of its operating divisions, branches, or locations. Due to the plants being given to a single company code, the plant is integrated into the organizational structure. Multiple plants may be part of a company code. It is an organizational unit where goods are produced or services are performed. Path: SPRO -> IMG -> Enterprise structure -> Definition -> Logistic General -> Define copy, delete, check plant. T.code: OX10 Assignment: The plant is to be assigned to the Company code. Note: One plant can be assigned to only one Company code, But one company code can have more than one plant.  What is a Storage Location?  An organizational unit differentiates a plant’s material supplies by storage location. Inventory management in SAP is carried out at the storage location level. A plant is given a storage site when the organizational structure is established. It is an organizational unit where goods are stored. Physical inventory allows carrying out at the Storage location. Path: SPRO -> IMG -> Enterprise structure -> Definition -> Materials management -> Maintain Storage location -> Click on new entries. T.code: OX09 What is a Purchase organization?  It denotes the group, location, or facility in charge of choosing the supplier and making payments to the supplier. All purchasing actions inside an organization are the responsibility of the purchasing organization. Additionally, it is used to confirm or pinpoint the profit loss for the entire company or each particular plant. It is an organizational unit or level. It subdivides an enterprise with procurement activities. It is responsible for purchasing activities and deals with the vendor. Path: SPRO -> IMG -> Definition -> Materials management -> Maintain Purchase Organization. T.code: OX08 Types of Purchase Organization: 1. Reference/Central Purchasing Organization  Central Purchase Organization is an organizational level or entity that handles purchases. It takes all aspects of purchases. Contracts or Agreements typically use Central Purchase Organization. Central Purchase Organization is given responsibility for Plant Specific Purchase Organizations. This copies the terms of the Central Purchase Organization. 2. Plant-Specific Purchase Organization: It is required to assign a purchase organization to a plant if a purchase is needed for that plant. This purchase organization is known as a plant-specific purchase organization.  3. Cross-Plant Purchase Organization:  A different Purchase Organization must be assigned to each plant when a single Purchase Organization is in charge of two or more plants. It is not required to assign a business code to the purchase organization. One of the purchase organizations must be created as a standard purchase organization if there are two or more for a single plant. Consignment purchases and other unique purchases are made using this. Coding structure I hope this article was useful.

Management, SAP MM

All you need to know about ERP, SAP S/4 HANA and SAP MM

/

Many have no idea about some simple terms. This article will help you understand and get an idea of the important terms such as ERP, and Types of ERP, in the industry. ERP ERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning. Companies use enterprise resource planning (ERP) software to manage routine business operations like accounting, purchasing, project management, risk management, compliance, and supply chain management.Resources – Men, machines, materials, money, etc.In any organization, ERP packages systematically utilize the resources and get profits. Examples of some ERPs are: R -> Real Time 3 -> three architectures based on three servers. ( Development, Production, Quality) ECC -> ERP Central Component 6.0 -> Version SAP Landscape Development server (Configuration) -> customize or do configuration per business requirements. All the changes and amendments are made on this server. Quality server (Testing) -> Testing is done by end users. The user acceptance test is conducted on this server. Only end-user transactions can be recorded here. Production server (Daily activities) -> This is for the end user’s live system to run their daily operations and tasks. SAP ERP SAP stand for Systems Applications and Products. It is the largest ERP software all over the world. The SAP Software system was developed in 1972 by 5 IBM Engineers. SAP has a strong integration and Interface between the different modules/departments. Hence, SAP is the top ERP software used globally. SAP supports any OS(Windows, Linux) and DB(Oracle, SQL) SAP is: SAP Versions: One Tier, two Tier, and three Tier has been evolved at the beginning of the SAP as the Presentation layer, Application layer, and Database layer. SAP S/4 HANA S4 – Simple 4th GenerationHANA – High Performance and Analytics appliance SAP HANA is an improved version of SAP ECC. It is developed in C++ language. SAP HANA is a database with a distinctive in-memory architecture. It employs a more straightforward data modelling technique than a typical database. Unlike databases, which keep data on discs, SAP HANA supports it in memory.This means that instead of calling for data from the hard drive when needed, the system can retrieve it straight from the in-memory storage. The information is extracted as required, which speeds up the operation of your system. Why use SAP HANA? SAP is based on two components: SAP MM can work as: MM (Material Management) For instance, a bicycle company must buy wheels, engines, and seats. Material management is used to source, buy, store, and use these materials. Planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the movement of materials inside an organization is the process of material management. Material managers play a crucial role in the manufacturing industry in buying, procuring, and managing the raw materials used in the production processes.An essential component of SAP S/4HANA, materials management (MM) powers supply chain and logistical activities. Its primary function controls procedures, including purchasing, receiving items, storing materials, consumption-based planning, and inventory. The first part of MM is organization/ enterprise structure. A company’s organizational structure is the framework through which all business is carried out. There are numerous levels in a corporate structure that are all directly or indirectly related to one another. Enterprise structure is another name for organizational structure. Master DataThe primary data that serves as the foundation for every transaction in SAP materials management is known as master data. Whatever your operation may be—producing, moving stock, selling, buying, performing a physical inventory, etc.—it necessitates the maintenance of specific master data. Example of Master Data Procurement/ PurchasingPurchasing information records, which contain information unique to a given product and business partner, are what procurement is all about. You will be able to develop and handle purchase requests in SAP MM. You will also learn how to use the request for quotation (RFQ) tool to create, release, and send RFQs to particular vendors. On the other hand, consider the procedure used to obtain the vendor’s quote and how to input quotes, contrast them with one another, and discard losing bids. Creation of purchase orders (PO) and different PO-related operations such as account assignment, message output, and order type. Another aspect of procurement is examining the variants, such as outline purchase agreements, scheduling agreements, and contacts. The service master record, standard service catalogue, service entry, and specific procurement types are covered in the procurement area. These elements allow your firm to manage complex business operations in procurement or inventory management. The procedure of purchasing, a part of the SAP MM module, is generally represented below. Material resource planning (MRP) generates the procurement proposal, which is then converted into a purchase request or requisition. The purchase request must then be made public and a source assigned. After the products are delivered, the PR is transformed into a purchase order, and the deal can be sealed with an invoice receipt. Furthermore, payment is managed (in the FI module). Inventory ManagementThe inventory of the goods is managed via inventory management. It is founded on essential procedures like A range of processes and transactions are used for inventory management techniques. Pricing ProcedureThe pricing method in the MM module can be used to determine prices for purchasing documents. It allows us to designate several calculation types for various applications. A pricing mechanism may be defined by defining an access sequence and allocating it to condition types. The access sequence instructs the system where to seek the condition values. Why SAP MM Conclusion The SAP Material Management Module, a part of SAP ERP, helps companies manage their materials, inventories, and warehouses throughout the supply chain process. SAP Material Management is the official name of SAP MM. A transaction in SAP is the processing of certain data required to fulfil a business process need. The master data acts as the basis for every transaction that is made. The inventory of the goods is managed via inventory management. Pricing in purchase papers is done using the SAP MM module’s pricing mechanism.

Finance, Management

All you need to know about Mutual Funds and its types

/

Types of Mutual Funds As an investor, you must be aware of these particular mutual fund schemes because whenever you invest in any mutual fund, you know that it is subject to risk. After all, it is linked to investment in marketable securities. You need to consider your risk appetite, and your investment objective, and you must be aware of all the types of mutual funds so that you can choose the appropriate one as per your demand and your investment goal. Types of Mutual Funds based on Structure: Open-ended Fund Investors may enter or depart open-ended schemes anytime, even after the NFO. When an AMC, or Asset Management Company, launches a new mutual fund scheme open to investor subscription, that period is known as the new fund offer period. AMCs can be any bank or financial organization. You can invest in a new mutual fund scheme within that period, but you can still enter or exit that particular scheme at any moment if you still wish to do so after that term has passed. It is called an “open-ended fund” because of this. The open-end plan continues to operate with the remaining investors, notwithstanding the possibility that some unit holders will withdraw all or part of their holdings. There will be numerous investors in one specific mutual fund plan. These investors’ money will be placed in that typical mutual fund scheme. Even if some investors have sold their mutual fund schemes and redeemed them, or if they went for redemption, those mutual fund teams will still be able to operate. These funds are referred to as open-ended funds because there is no set deadline by which they must be closed. Close-ended fund The maturity of closed-end funds is set. Only during the NFO can investors purchase units of a closed-end scheme from the fund. We discovered that open-ended funds allowed investors to buy or sell mutual fund units even after the NFO, but close-ended funds only allow this during the NFO. When a new fund scheme (NFO) enters the market, it is initially available for mutual fund scheme acquisition or sale; however, after that, these close-end schemes are terminated and listed on the stock exchange. If you own a closed-end fund and wish to redeem your investment, subscribe to a specific plan, or buy or sell a mutual fund scheme, you must go to the stock exchange and conduct your trading there. Closed-ended funds are, therefore, only accessible during the NFO or the new fund offer period, after which it becomes listed on the stock exchange. If investors are available, you can trade as an investor by buying and selling if the fund is listed on one or more stock exchanges, which is required for close-ended schemes. Because you cannot buy or sell from a mutual fund scheme once they close, listing these funds on stock exchanges is required. A platform where trading may take place becomes essential, which is why it is listed on the stock exchange, where you can easily trade where you can, buy or sell your mutual fund units, the units of closed-end funds that you own. Interval fund The advantages of both open-end and close-end funds are combined in interval funds. They are primarily close-end but may switch to open-end. The interval period between two consecutive transaction periods, or when the fund closes and reopens for buy and sell, is known as the interval period. The minimum interval period length is 15. Therefore it will remain closed for 15 days. The interval period is not a time for subscription and redemption. When a mutual fund scheme is closed or during the interim period, you cannot purchase or sell any units of the mutual fund scheme. Because of this, you must wait until the moment when it will once again become the open end for a set amount of time before you can sell your scheme or purchase any new plan. Types of Mutual Funds based on Asset Class: Equity Fund The fund that invests in equities and equity-related instruments is called an equity fund. Your investment will consist of more than 65% equity instruments. Examples include small-, mid-, and large-cap equity funds, which invest in company shares based on market capitalization. Therefore, whenever you hear the terms “small cap fund,” “mid-cap fund,” or “big cap funds,” you should know that these terms refer to funds that invest in firms with correspondingly small, medium, and large market capitalizations. The market capitalization of a publicly traded company is determined by multiplying the total number of shares by the share price. As a result of the higher risk associated with these funds compared to other, safer instruments, investors also expect more significant returns. Diversified equity funds, targeted equity funds, and sector funds are a few different types of equity funds. Debt fund A debt fund is a fund that invests in debt and securities that are related to debt. As a result, a large majority of the investment amount—more than 65 per cent—will be invested in debt and instruments associated with debt. When compared to equities, debt instruments are safer, less risky, and hence have lower returns. Liquid funds, money market funds, overnight funds, short-term funds, bond funds, guilt funds, etc., are a few of the debt schemes. A brief introduction to liquid funds and open-ended liquid schemes is that they invest in debt and money market assets with maturities of up to 91 days. Overnight fund schemes invest in short-term securities with a one-day maturity. Government securities are a significant investment of guilt funds. These funds have an average return and are for shorter durations in safer instruments. Hybrid fund Hybrid funds invest in a blend of equity and debt instrument. Some people prefer to strike a balance between the two; they don’t want to take on more risk and settle for lower returns, so they choose a balanced fund. One of them is the hybrid fund. In both asset groups, there is a proportionate

Finance, Management

What are Mutual Funds Investment?

/

MUTUAL FUNDS “MUTUAL FUND INVESTMENTS ARE SUBJECT TO MARKET RISKS. READ ALL SCHEME-RELATED DOCUMENTS CAREFULLY.” The above is a universal term; everyone must have seen this while reading something or listening to the radio and television. Every month when your salary is credited, you set aside a portion of your pay for savings. Savings can be used later for emergencies or if you want to buy a house, car, or any required thing. There are many ways to save money. A straightforward method is keeping your salary in the bank account, which gets collected. This is not the right way, as money loses its value as time passes due to inflation. Inflation is increasing in our country, and the process of commodities is rising too. Consequently, according to the inflation rate, your money’s worth drops every year by 4%-5%. People invest the money so they don’t lose value. Investment can be defined as the application of money to earn more. Investment also means savings or savings made through delayed consumption, i.e., the acquisition of commodities that will be used to create wealth in the future but are not consumed today. There are different types of Investment, and our country has mainly five places for Investment. Any investment includes three essential things. Therefore, the main risk in this situation is that the return will also increase as time increases, as would the risk. You will need to take on greater risk and invest for a longer duration if you want a higher return on your Investment. Savings accounts have the least amount of risk and have no restrictions. Anytime is a good time to save or withdraw money. And since our inflation rate has been between 4% and 5% over the past few years, the return we receive here is substantially lower, coming in at about 4%. Another less hazardous choice is a fixed deposit, but there is a time limit before we cannot withdraw the funds. Therefore the return is likewise 7-8%. These days, buying gold and jewellery carries significant risks due to the vast price fluctuations. Real estate and property investments are low to moderately risky. A large amount of capital to invest—between lakhs and crores of rupees—is one of the drawbacks of buying real estate. It requires a lot of money. You can make significant gains on the stock market but also suffer large losses. The stock you choose to invest in will determine the level of risk involved. You must be well-versed in both stock market operations and store performance. So, these are the few types of investments that are widely used. But there are other types, too, such as Government bonds, Corporate bonds, Cryptocurrency and Bitcoins, and many more. A bit of well-known general advice is to never invest your money only in one place. We should diversify our investments so that you won’t be responsible for the total loss in the event of a crash. There is a much lower likelihood of everything collapsing, including the price of gold, real estate, and even the stock market. There’s a good chance that if one thing happens, you’ll also profit from the other. You need to invest in several locations; this is known as diversification. One such tactic in the current world is investing in mutual funds. A mutual fund is a special kind of Investment that enables you to combine your funds across many asset classes. A mutual fund’s past The Indian mutual fund market officially began in 1963 with the founding of the Unit Trust of India. The public and private sectors now equally participate in this industry, which used to be dominated by UTIs. According to international standards, the Indian mutual fund industry is still relatively modest. Understanding how mutual funds operate is crucial because the total amount of money managed by the sector increased from $10 trillion in 2014 to $20 trillion in 2017, doubling in three years. Let us understand this simple example: Okay, let’s say I had to travel from Mumbai to Pune.I have two choices. That is precisely the difference between a stock market investment and a mutual fund investment.In the stock market, you make your own decisions, whereas, in a mutual fund, you hire a professional or expert in this field, and he makes decisions for you. Mutual fund management decides what to do with the money invested in the mutual fund. There are many types of mutual funds, accordingly, you can invest in any of these depending on your suitability. Asset Management Company (AMC) starts mutual funds. You give your money to an asset management company and support all the money collectively at different places. The return rate they get collectively from these other places is that some small per cent of 1-2% is kept as a profit by the Asset Company, and the rest you get back as per that return rate. ICICI, TATA, Reliance, HSBC, and Aditya Birla are a few examples of companies and banks that have started their Asset Management Companies. All the companies start different kinds of mutual funds in large numbers. For instance, ICICI began to have more than 1200 mutual funds.So, how risky are your mutual funds, and the return depends on the mutual funds you are investing in? Let’s examine the operation and purpose of a mutual fund. Individuals like you and I will raise money for the mutual fund. Assume that a group of 100 individuals donate money or make contributions to mutual funds. This mutual fund will put the money back into investments like equities mutual funds, joint debt funds, and other similar options. In turn, mutual funds will generate income, which may come from dividends or interest. Let’s say mutual funds made 500 rupees; in this case, they would disperse the money to the investors who had put money into the fund. However, it’s vital to note that they won’t transfer the entire 500 rupees; instead, they’ll keep a piece of it as a commission. The

Management, Operations

How is Menstruation Pad made??

/

Menstruation Pad/ Sanitary Pad The menstrual pad is a very useful product today. Many still find it difficult to use such a sanitary napkin today, and it is very important to use the right kind of sanitary napkin. Let us understand everything with the help of the following content. What is meant by Menstruation or Menses? The standard physical process of discharging blood and related material from the uterus through the vagina as part of the menstrual cycle is menstruation or menses.  Menstruation officially begins when a girl experiences her first menstrual cycle or menarche. Why are sanitary napkins used? In women, after every 28 to 30 days, they get bleeding from the vagina, which is called the period, scientifically called the “Menstrual Cycle.” This process takes place every month. Some women may experience this for 3 to 5 days, and for some, it may take 7 to 9 days. It starts at the age of 13 and till 45 or 50. This means every woman has to face these periods at least 500 times in their life span. And for this bleeding, sanitary pads are used, which hygienically collect that blood and dispose of it. In short Sanitary napkin or sanitary pad is an absorbent personal care product worn by a woman. How the first sanitary napkins came into existence would surprise you all. Believe it or not, World War I led to the invention of disposable sanitary napkins. American nurses in France discovered that their bandages for the troops could double as very absorbent menstrual pads. This led the bandage company to introduce disposable sanitary napkins in 1921. Disposable hygienic pads were first effectively marketed in the United States in 1921 after being developed in 1896. Sanitary napkins are the most helpful product in today’s life. And the demand for napkins is more from the Indian public. In the early days, women used layers of cloth to absorb the blood, which was not absorbed correctly and could lead to stains. This was not hygienically safe and led to many diseases too. Today, sanitary napkins are the most demanding thing in the world, yet Indian women constitute only 20% to 30% who use or are affording to use. Sanitary napkin is the most demanding and has a growing business. The use of hygienic sanitary pads and spreading its awareness is essential to today’s youth in both rural and urban, as many women, even today, don’t know the uses and benefits of this product and fall prey to allergies and diseases. Spending very little money can save us from many problems and get the target of any severe health risks. Sanitary napkins are available in large numbers and wide varieties in the market, yet users are not educated enough about this. Today, Menstrual hygiene has been promoted by some governments and non-governmental organizations through health awareness campaigns and the free or discounted distribution of sanitary pads. Their quality, however, varies substantially.  Production of sanitary napkins is not much in India, and most of the napkins are imported from different countries. Materials used in Sanitary Pads. Various materials are used to make menstrual pads, and these materials vary by brand, style, and nation of origin. The primary components of disposable menstrual pads are often bleached rayon (cellulose generated from wood pulp), cotton, and polymers. However, manufacturers are typically unwilling to disclose the precise composition of their products. Antibacterial and aroma ingredients are other options. Backsheet and polymer powder, a more powerful absorbent (superabsorbent polymers), are made of plastic. When moistened, the polymer powder transforms into a gel. Raw materials used in Sanitary Napkins: Three layers are usually used to manufacture menstrual pads.  Most sanitary pads use the same basic construction: a cellulose-based absorbent core sandwiched between a top sheet with a fluid-permeable surface and a backing with a moisture-impermeable surface (backsheet). The function of Sanitary Napkins: The primary purpose is to retain and absorb menstrual flow.  The process of making of menstruation pad Given below are the seven stages of pad making process. This is the primary pad manufacturing process, and organic materials make a simple pad. Let’s get deeper to understand the process. Stage 1: Pulveriser Machine In this stage, the pine wood or cotton pulp is crushed and fibrated. De-fibration is the process of separating the pulp sheet into fibrous constituents. This crushed fibrous substance is called cellulose.  Stage 2: Pressing machine This cellulose is filled in pad shape carved hollow tray, and blocks of the same shape are placed on that filling as seen in the 2nd image below. This plate of trays is then placed under the pressing machine, where they get compressed, and a pulp cake is formed. Stage 3: Sealing and Embossing Raw materials are placed layer by layer, creating a sandwich in which the pulp cake is embossed and sealed. The image below shows that the first raw material identified is PE (Polyethylene) back sheet at the bottom. This sheet is breathable. 2nd layer is the pulp cake obtained in the previous stage, and then the non-woven fabric is placed on top. This fabric is also called artificial cloth. This 3-layer structure is then placed inside the machine where it gets sealed and embossed. Stage 4: Trimming The sealed and embossed pad is trimmed and shaped into a winged pad. A trimming machine is also called a pad-cutting machine. The steel or aluminium plate-like structure is placed on the pad which then goes through the machine. This machine presses and cuts the pad perfectly. Stage 5: Gumming liner and Silicon Release paper application This stage is essential. The sticker kind of paper available at the bottom side of the pad, which makes the pad stick on the underwear, is applied in this stage. In this stage, the complete usable pad is obtained. Stage 6: UV Sterilisation This is the most critical stage after manufacturing the pad. This machine is used to reduce the probability of Microbial contamination and infections. UV sterilization is necessary

Management, Operations

All you need to know about the unknown cotton-related terms

/

COTTON TERMS Several terms are involved in converting cotton into yarn, which might be new to many of them. So, this article will help you to become familiar with unknown cotton-related terms, and the next time when you come across such terms, you won’t feel lost and unacquainted. Cotton Fibre Cotton fiber is a thin cotton hair or strands of cotton which make up the yarn. It is a thread-like structure and is very light in weight. These natural void fibers are also known as absorbent and breathable fibers. Boll A cotton boll is a round protective case or shell-like structure. It is called the fruit of the cotton crop, which holds the cotton seeds and fiber. During harvest time, it is matured and gets opened. Yarn Yarn is a continuous, long, rope-like structure of interlocking fibers of cotton with twists. Yarn is the raw material used in the textile industry for manufacturing fabrics that are used to create a variety of clothes and garments. This yarn is produced from cotton fibers after making it go through many processes. Different types of yarns are based on their material, appearance, application, and sizes.• Spun and Filament Yarns• Single-ply and Multi-ply Yarns• Flat and Textured Yarns• Zero-twist to High twist yarn• Ring and Open-end Yarns• Novelty Yarns• Bouclé Yarn• Slub Yarn• Nub, Knot, or Spot Yarn A yarn’s count, determined by its mass per unit length, determines how thick it is. The standard unit of measurement, known as “Tex,” is the number of grams per kilometre of yarn. Bales Cotton bales are the compressed cotton fiber packed in a bundle of uniform size and weight obtained after ginning. Ginning is the procedure of removing cotton seeds, stems, leaves, and other foreign matter from the cotton directly brought from the farm. The standard bale size in India is 170 Kg. Lint Lint is the term used for the tiny fluffy clean cotton fiber obtained after cleaning the cotton. The ginned cotton is called lint. Laps Laps of cotton are reduced to a flat, uniform layer of cotton fiber after opening and mixing the compressed cotton bales in the blow room of the spinning process. Sliver Sliver is the untwisted loose rope obtained after the process of carding. This sliver is a long, uniform weighted bundle of fiber used to spin yarn. Neps Cotton The knots formed between a group of fibers are called neps. Single neps contain around 15-20 strands of fiber. Roving Roving is similar to yarn; the only difference is that it is not yet spun into yarn. The long thin rope-like fiber before spinning into yarn is the roving fiber. Spinning mills generate this roving. Bobbin A bobbin is a cylindrical hollow tube-like structure around which yarn or thread is rolled. Bobbin is derived from the French word “Bobine,” meaning mini-instrument used in sewing. I hope this article was useful.

Management, Operations

What is Yarn Manufacturing?

/

INDEX How is Cotton fibre converted into Yarn? Yarn Manufacturing Cotton Journey Steps (Yarn Processing) Hand plucked Ginning Spinning 1. Blow room 2. Carding 3. Draw frame 4. Comber 5. Speed frame/ Roving Ring frame Conclusion How is Cotton fibre converted into Yarn? Let us first understand what is a cotton crop, from where it is originated and which countries and states in India are the biggest producers of cotton Cotton is a Kharif crop, and its origin belongs to India from 3000 B.C. in the Indus River Valley (Present day – Pakistan). The cotton plant has been cultivated widely in over 90 countries for its fiber and seeds. Cotton is an essential commercial crop cultivated in India and constitutes 25% of global cotton production. It plays a magnificent role in maintaining the livelihood of an estimated 6 million cotton farmers in India. Around 45 – 50% of the million people are occupied in related activities such as cotton production, processing, and trade. The other name for cotton is “White-Gold” due to its economic importance in India. As of 2022, the top five countries in the world in cotton production are India, China, the USA, Brazil, and Pakistan. Nearly 22% of the world’s cotton production is produced in India, the third-largest exporter. India also stands 1st in the world in cotton acreage with around 120.70 Lakh Hectares area under cotton cultivation. India’s cotton is grown in two types of places – rain-fed areas and irrigated areas. The majority of the cotton production in India comes from 3 zones: The northern zone, the Central Zone, and the Southern zone, which includes ten states of India. Northern Zone: Punjab, Rajasthan, and Haryana Central Zone: Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra Southern Zone: Telangana, Tamil Nādu, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka Gujarat and Maharashtra are the top two leaders in producing cotton as the climate of both states is moist and well-suited for the cultivation of crops. Gujarat’s estimated cotton production for 2021-22 is around 92 lakh bales, and Maharashtra’s estimate is around 85 lakh bales released by the CAI (Cotton Association of India), according to the latest crop estimates. Bharuch, Panchmahal, Vadodara, Ahmedabad, Mehsana, and Surendemagar are the major cotton-producing cities in Gujarat. Yarn Manufacturing Now, after knowing the basics of the cotton crop and its producers, we will now tear into the manufacturing process of the same into yarn. A series of processes in yarn manufacturing transforms unprocessed and raw cotton fibers into yarn that may be used in various end products. The clean, robust, and homogeneous threads needed for current textile markets require several techniques, which will be explained in detail below. Cotton is a soft, fluffy, whitish-yellow flower that grows in a shell called a boll. The Cotton seed is sown in the spring from March-May, grown over summer, and plucked in autumn. Before the 18th century, cotton fiber was processed traditionally by hand. The first automated processing machine was invented in the early 18th century in 1794 by American-born inventor Eli Whitney, who revolutionized cotton production by accelerating the removal of seeds from cotton fiber. Gradually, other processes were also invented. Cotton Journey Cotton is generally used in the textile industry, and cotton fabric entails every type of clothing, from shirts to jackets to trousers. Cotton uses are also extensively seen in the Medical field, sanitary pads, diapers, bed sheets, and pillows. Here we will understand how unprocessed cotton is converted into yarn widely used in many end products. Flow chart: From cotton field to final output of Yarn factory Steps (Yarn Processing) Hand Plucked Ginning Spinning – Blow room, Carding, Draw frame, Comber, Speed frame/ Roving Ring Frame Let’s dive into each stage. Hand plucked Cotton is a Kharif crop that requires almost eight months to cultivate. After sowing the seed into the soil takes 50-60 days for a flower to grow. The cotton is produced in a protective case called a boll around the seeds of the cotton plant. When the boll matures, it breaks, and we can find cotton popping out. This cotton is then harvested or hand-plucked and taken to the nearby gins. Ginning Gin is a facility or a type of plant where cotton ginning occurs. Ginning is the process of removing seeds and scrap from the cotton. In modern ginning, the cotton is first dried in dryers to reduce the moisture content and then is passed through a stage where they are cleaned thoroughly to remove unwanted foreign matters such as stems, seeds, debris, and leaves. The ginned cotton is called lint. This lint is converted into cotton blocks called bales and is sent to the spinning process. (Note: The seed separated from the cotton fiber during ginning process is used in making cottonseed oil which is used in many household activities especially cooking.) Spinning Spinning is the process of producing yarn from the cotton extracted. Spinning involves many sub-processes, crucial in forming thread at the output. 1. Blow room The bales from the ginning factory are brought to the blow room. These compressed bales of filers are opened and mixed. In this process of mixing, dirt, dust, seed particles, broken leaves, and foreign impurities are removed. This cleaned cotton fiber is converted into a sheet of definite width and uniform weight per unit length called lap, and the leftover cotton fiber is sent for recycling. This lap is rolled into a cylindrical shape around a lap pin and is sent to the carding process. 2. Carding Carding is the second sub-process of the yarn manufacturing industry in conventional spinning lines. It is called the heart of spinning. The primary function of carding is to resolve any locks and clumps in the fiber received from the blow room. The fibers are made parallel and straight by opening and blending them through the machine, where short fibers are removed in the process, and the long cotton fibers are converted into a rope-like thread called Sliver, which is uniform in weight per unit length. 3.

Scroll to Top